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The Stages of Heart Failure: Which Medications You Might Take

What is heart failure?


Heart failure is a condition that happens when your heart muscle works too hard over a long period of time. Your heart might be overworking for several reasons. Perhaps you have high blood pressure. Or maybe there’s plaque buildup in your arteries.


Eventually, your heart gets too tired to keep working as hard as it has been. The heart muscle itself starts to change. Then, it can no longer pump out as much blood and oxygen to the rest of your body.


What are the categories of heart failure?


There are two ways to group the severity of heart failure—by class (I, II, III, or IV) or by stage (A, B, C, or D). You might hear your healthcare providers talking about heart failure stages and classes, so here’s a summary of both.


Heart failure classes


The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification groups the condition based on how severe your symptoms are and how much the symptoms disrupt your daily life activities.


NYHA Class 1 Symptoms

No limits on physical activity

  • Comfortable at rest

  • Normal physical activity does not cause fatigue or shortness of breath

NYHA Class II Symptoms

Slight limits of physical activity

  • Comfortable at rest

  • Normal physical activity may cause fatigue or shortness of breath

NYHA Class III Symptoms

Noticeable limits of physical activity

  • Comfortable at rest

  • Minimal physical activity causes fatigue or shortness of breath

NYHA Class IV Symptoms

Cannot comfortably carry on physical activity

  • Heart failure symptoms, even at rest

  • Any activity causes even more discomfort

Here are a few examples to help paint a picture for you. Say your neighbor Carol is retired and spends her time at home most days. She walks down her driveway to the mailbox around noon everyday. She doesn’t feel winded or out of breath once she gets the mail and sits back down in her chair. In fact, she never notices any shortness of breath or fatigue, but she has high blood pressure. Carol would probably be in NYHA Class I.


But if a simple activity like walking to and from the mailbox did make Carol feel tired or out of breath, Carol might be in NYHA Class II or III.


Heart failure stages


Heart failure stages were developed by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC). Stages A and B of heart failure are sometimes called pre-heart failure stages. If you’re in one of these two groups, it means you don’t have heart failure yet, but you’re at risk of developing it.


Stage A - You’re at risk of heart failure, but you don’t have any structural damage to your heart or heart failure symptoms.


Who has Stage A heart failure?

- People with:

  • High blood pressure

  • Diabetes

  • Obesity

  • Metabolic syndrome

  • Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries)

- People using cardiotoxins, like many chemotherapy drugs, amphetamines, and malaria drugs


- People with a family history of cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease)